STEP 1: Claiming Centrality
   STEP 2: Making Topic Generalizations
   STEP 3: Reviewing Previous Research

   STEP 1A: Counter-Claiming
   STEP 1B: Indicating a Gap
   STEP 1C: Question-Raising
   STEP 1D: Continuing a Tradition

   STEP 1A: Outlining Purposes
   STEP 1B: Announcing Present Research
   STEP 2: Announcing Main Findings
   STEP 3: Indicating Structure of the Article
   STEP 4: Evaluation of Findings*
* not originally included in Swale's analysis